Citation

Irianto, Irianto and Alsayaydeh, Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil and Abd Gani, Shamsul Fakhar and Farid, Mazen and Herawan, Safarudin Gazali (2026) A Low-Cost Edge-Driven Smart Doorbell with Event Fusion and Latency Quantification. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 16 (8). ISSN 20419031

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Abstract

This paper presents a low-cost, edge-centric smart doorbell that converts a brief doorway interaction into timely, image-based awareness. The system fuses explicit human intent (a momentary doorbell press) with an anticipatory passive infrared (PIR) motion cue and executes the resulting event pipeline entirely on a Raspberry Pi 3B+ with a CSI-attached camera, an LCD for local status, and a buzzer for immediate acknowledgement. We formalise the control logic through a short temporal fusion rule and a debounce/throttling condition that governs notification cadence, and we decompose end-to-end delay into device and network contributions to make latency tunable and measurable. The prototype operates as a coherent, event-driven service: on a valid trigger, it captures a still frame at the interaction moment and dispatches a standards-compliant email message (MIME over SMTP with STARTTLS). Evaluation at two residential entrances shows robust PIR detection from 1–4 m in daylight and a practical 1–3 m envelope under porch-light conditions. Notifications typically arrive within a few seconds; Across repeated trials at two residential entrances, with the device connected via a standard home network and alerts delivered through a STARTTLS-secured SMTP email service, notifications typically arrived within a few seconds; the lower quartile clustered near 4 s, the mean was ≈ 9 s, and right-tail outliers were attributable to network and mail-server processing rather than device overhead. The bill of materials remained ≈ 250 MYR, yielding functionality comparable to commercial devices at a fraction of the cost. Beyond a reproducible reference design, the work contributes a compact, testable fusion law, a transparent latency model, and instrumentation that ties user-perceived performance to specific architectural choices, while outlining upgrades in illumination, sensing, and privacy for future deployments.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Smart doorbell, edge computing
Subjects:	Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA71-90 Instruments and machines > QA75.5-76.95 Electronic computers. Computer science
Divisions:	Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FIST)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	01 Oct 2026 02:11
Last Modified:	01 Oct 2026 02:11
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/16752

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