Citation

Sukarti, Suziee and Sulaima, Mohamad Fani and Sahadan, Norashikin and Shamsor, Muhamad Hafizul and Siaw, Wei Yao and Abdul Kadir, Aida Fazliana (2026) Enabling Reliable Industrial Energy Savings Verification Through Hybrid Factored Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine and Generative Adversarial Network. Algorithms, 19 (5). p. 338. ISSN 1999-4893

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Abstract

Reliable quantification of industrial energy savings requires accurate detection of nonroutine events (NREs) that distort post-retrofit baselines. Conventional statistical and rule-based anomaly detection methods often misinterpret operational variability, leading to biased or overstated savings under the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP). This study develops a novel IPMVP-compliant hybrid deep learning framework that integrates a deterministic Deep Neural Network (DNN) for baseline modeling with stochastic architectures, namely the Factored Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine (FCRBM) and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), to capture probabilistic reconstruction patterns. Their outputs are fused using a hybrid thresholding mechanism that balances detection sensitivity and specificity. Using highresolution data from an industrial glove manufacturing facility, the hybrid DNN–FCRBM model achieved the best trade-off, demonstrating an accuracy of 94.3%, a precision of 91.1%, and a low false positive rate of 5.1%. This model validated 11.32% industrial energy savings (approximately 478,050 kWh), equivalent to 237 tonnes of CO2 avoided. The integration of stochastic generative learning within a deterministic framework strengthens transparency, auditability, and IPMVP compliance, offering a scalable pathway for credible industrial energy savings verification.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Industrial energy analytics
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HD Industries. Land use. Labor > HD2321-4730.9 Industry
Divisions:	Faculty of Business (FOB)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	05 Jun 2026 01:22
Last Modified:	05 Jun 2026 01:22
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15968

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