Citation

Attaullah, Hafiz Muhammad and Harris, Muhammad and Khan, Inam Ullah and Alam, Muhammad Mansoor and Mohd Su'ud, Mazliham (2025) Comparative Analysis of ML-Based Intrusion Detection System for Cyber-Physical UAV System. Journal of Computational and Cognitive Engineering, 5 (1). pp. 44-52. ISSN 2810-9570

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Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) represent a new generation of intelligent solutions that improve productivity and safety in agriculture, security, and healthcare services. However, they are more prone to cyber-attacks such as data manipulation, spoofing, vague attacks, and false data injection due to increasing integration of Cyber-Physical Systems. This research proposes an anomaly-based intrusion detection system (IDS) for UAVs with real-time cognition of cyberspace and physical presence using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to achieve strong performance metrics. The feature set includes both cyber-object characteristics (such as network traffic and IP addresses) and physical-object characteristics (such as sensor data), collected under both normal and adversarial conditions. This data is used to train and evaluate the proposed approach. Prior to training, exploratory data analysis, normalization, and data balancing using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) were performed to maximize the efficiency of the feature space. A well-known cyber-physical dataset, T_ITS, was used in this process. The results show that high-quality preprocessing significantly improves key performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Among the classifiers, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) were identified as the top performers achieving an accuracy of 99.18%. These results emphasize the importance of robust IDS frameworks in securing UAV operations against rising threat of cyber-attacks.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Anomaly detection, IDS, cyber-physical systems
Subjects:	Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA71-90 Instruments and machines > QA75.5-76.95 Electronic computers. Computer science
Divisions:	Faculty of Computing and Informatics (FCI)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	02 Apr 2026 03:07
Last Modified:	02 Apr 2026 04:02
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15629

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