Citation

Bhar, Sareen Kaur (2026) Artificial Intelligence in EFL Speaking Instruction: A Systematic Review of Pedagogical Design, Affective Conditions and Instructional Input. Encyclopedia, 6 (4). p. 74. ISSN 2673-8392

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Abstract

Speaking proficiency remains one of the most challenging skills for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), particularly in contexts where sustained spoken interaction is limited. This systematic review synthesises 36 empirical studies (2015–2025) identified through a PRISMA-guided Scopus search to examine how artificial intelligence (AI)-mediated instruction supports EFL speaking development. The included studies were analysed according to AI modality, pedagogical integration, instructional input characteristics, and linguistic and affective outcomes. Findings indicate that AI tools—such as chatbots, automatic speech recognition systems, and large language models—consistently support affective outcomes, including reduced speaking anxiety and increased willingness to communicate. Improvements in fluency, pronunciation, and accuracy were frequently reported, particularly when AI tools were embedded within task-based and pedagogically structured instructional designs. However, evidence for sustained development of higher-order communicative competence was more variable. The review proposes a mediated input framework conceptualising AI as a design-sensitive instructional resource rather than an autonomous teaching agent.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	artificial intelligence, EFL speaking, AI-assisted language learning, instructional input, speaking anxiety, pedagogical design, systematic review
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HD Industries. Land use. Labor > HD28-70 Management. Industrial Management > HD30.2 Electronic data processing. Information technology. Including artificial intelligence and knowledge management
Divisions:	Faculty of Applied Communication (FAC)
Depositing User:	Ms Suzilawati Abu Samah
Date Deposited:	04 Jun 2026 07:03
Last Modified:	04 Jun 2026 07:03
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15937

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