Citation

Rabbani, Md. Golam and Islam, Mohammad Tariqul and Alawad, Mohamad A. and Khalil, Muhammad Amir and Kirawanich, Phumin and Alenezi, Abdulmajeed M. and Islam, Md. Shabiul and Soliman, Mohamed S. (2026) A compact square epsilon-negative MM sensor for C-band edible-oil sensing. Materials Today Communications, 56. p. 116113. ISSN 23524928

Text A compact square epsilon-negative MM sensor for C-band edible-oil sensing.pdf - Published Version Restricted to Repository staff only Download (5MB)

Abstract

This study presents a compact epsilon-negative (ENG) metamaterial unit cell for C-band dielectric sensing of lowpermittivity edible oils. The proposed modified diamond-shaped symmetric resonator is fabricated on a 10 × 10 × 1.57 mm³ Rogers RT5880 substrate. Full-wave simulation demonstrates a sharp transmission minimum of − 46.19 dB at 4.59 GHz, with a quality factor of 87.8 and an electromagnetic ratio of 6.8. Effectiveparameter retrieval confirms the ENG response, while electric-field, magnetic-field, and surface-current distributions clarify the electromagnetic mechanism responsible for the resonance. Experimental characterization of the unloaded prototype using a vector network analyzer and waveguide setup yields a transmission minimum of − 40.83 dB at 4.64 GHz, corresponding to a frequency deviation of approximately 1.1% from the simulated result. The sensing capability is numerically evaluated using six edible oils with relative permittivities ranging from 2.82 to 3.86. Dielectric loading produces resonance displacements of approximately 14–26 MHz relative to the unloaded sensing configuration, with an overall frequency separation of 12 MHz among the oil samples. The estimated maximum and average sensitivities are 13.61 and 9.81 MHz/εr, respectively. Variations are also observed in the transmission magnitude, indicating sensitivity to changes in the surrounding dielectric environment. However, because some oils exhibit identical or closely spaced resonance frequencies, the present results establish dielectric sensitivity rather than unambiguous sample classification. The compact dimensions, sharp resonance, ENG behavior, and experimentally validated electromagnetic response make the proposed structure a promising platform for further development of microwave liquid-characterization systems.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Metamaterials
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK7800-8360 Electronics > TK7871 Electronics--Materials
Divisions:	Faculty of Artificial Intelligence & Engineering (FAIE)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	01 Oct 2026 01:03
Last Modified:	01 Oct 2026 01:03
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/16741

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