Citation

Deivanayagampillai, Nagarajan and Bhuvaneswari, Thangavel and Suppiah, Yasothei and Anbazhagan, Kanchana and Voskoglou, Michael Gr. (2025) Type-2 Fuzzy Sustainable EPQ Models with Shortages: A Unified Framework for Economic and Environmental Trade; [یاهلدمرادیاپEPQیزافعونمودابدوبمک:یدوجومیبوچراچهچراپکییاربهنزاوم-یداصتقا یطیحمتسیز]. Tasmimgiri va Tahqiq dar Amaliyyat, 10 (4). pp. 710-734. ISSN 25385097

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Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop Sustainable Economic Production Quantity (SEPQ) models that integrate environmental and economic considerations while addressing real-world challenges such as shortages and uncertainty. The study aims to provide a profit-maximization framework that captures the trade-offs between service levels, sustainability goals, and shortage-related costs under uncertain demand conditions. Methodology: To achieve these objectives, four SEPQ models are formulated—SEPQ with obsolescence sale, full stock order cost, partial stock order cost, and a core model. Type-2 fuzzy logic is employed to handle demand uncertainty, providing a flexible mechanism for evaluating system performance under varying degrees of imprecision. The models incorporate environmental costs such as production emissions, holding costs, and obsolescence costs. An optimization algorithm is developed to determine optimal inventory parameters subject to sustainability constraints. Comparative numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate three SEPQ-based models—SEPQBSC, SEPQ-SC, and SEPQ-OS—under various gain function conditions. Findings: The results indicate that the SEPQ-SC model achieved superior performance, with a peak metric value of 84.85 at a gain function of 1, outperforming SEPQ-BSC (63.24 at 0.45, 41.20 at 0.5) and SEPQ-OS (13.99 at 0). Higher gain function values were linked to improved efficiency, and SEPQ-SC demonstrated greater robustness and adaptability. The full stock order cost model yielded the highest profit and T value while minimizing F value, confirming its effectiveness in managing shortages and environmental impacts simultaneously. Originality/Value: This paper presents a novel integration of sustainability, uncertainty, and shortage cost considerations within the Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) framework using Type-2 fuzzy logic. Unlike existing SEPQ studies that focus mainly on costs or carbon reduction, this work introduces an adaptive, realistic, optimization-based approach that supports managerial decision-making under uncertain, environmentally constrained conditions. The findings bridge a critical gap in sustainable inventory control by offering a practical and computationally efficient model for high-efficiency production systems.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Sustainable economic production quantity
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HF Commerce > HF1014 Balance of trade
Divisions:	Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	17 Apr 2026 09:31
Last Modified:	20 Apr 2026 01:23
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15735

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