Citation

Sadaqat, Muhammad Fahad and Khan, Aimal Daud and Basit, Abdul and Rehan, Muhammad Saad and Lee, It Ee and Wali, Qamar and Khan, Adnan Daud (2026) Performance evaluation of a real-time BIPV system based on perovskite solar modules. Results in Engineering, 29. p. 109889. ISSN 2590-1230

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Abstract

This research advances building-integrated photovoltaics by moving beyond isolated lab or component-level evaluations and demonstrating a practical, system-level implementation under real outdoor conditions. For the first time, a functional scaled building prototype is integrated with semitransparent perovskite photovoltaic windows used as actual glazing, parallel testing of multiple window formats, real-time IoT-based environmental and electrical monitoring, and quantitative on-site assessment of building load coverage in a single experimental framework. A 4 × 4 ft smart building model was constructed and equipped with an Internet of Things (IoT), enabled monitoring and load management system to evaluate the real-world performance of perovskite photovoltaic windows. Three window configurations, a 5 × 5 cm modular array, a 10 × 10 cm modular array, and a large-area 20 × 25 cm semitransparent module, were integrated as functional window elements that simultaneously transmit daylight and generate electrical power. The 5 × 5 cm array achieved a maximum output of 197.78 mW, whereas the large-area module delivered 145.22 mW. Under outdoor operating conditions, the integrated system supplied up to 51.68 % of the peak electrical load and approximately 43.75 % of the total energy demand over an eight-hour monitoring period. Continuous real-time measurement and on-screen visualization of temperature, humidity, and illuminance were enabled through the IoT platform, allowing direct correlation between environmental conditions and electrical performance. By combining scaled-building experimentation, functional perovskite glazing, comparative module formats, and real-time load coverage analysis, this work bridges the gap between experimental BIPV materials research and practical building deployment. The results show that semitransparent perovskite photovoltaic windows, when combined with intelligent monitoring and control systems, can provide a meaningful contribution to building energy demand and represent a viable pathway toward smart, low-energy buildings.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Photovoltaic
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK1001-1841 Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations
Divisions:	Faculty of Artificial Intelligence & Engineering (FAIE)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	02 Apr 2026 07:49
Last Modified:	06 Apr 2026 08:24
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15674

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