Citation

Azahari, Badrul Amin and Kamardin, Kamilia and Yamada, Yoshihide and Othman, Muhammad Syamim Fitri and Jizat, Noorlindawaty Md. and Ibrahim, Idnin Pasha and Ishii, Nozomu and Takahashi, Masaharu and Michishita, Naobumi (2025) Gain Improvement of NMHA by Folded Structure at 1MHz for Undersea Application. In: 10th IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference, RFM 2025, 17 September 2025 - 19 September 2025, Penang, Malaysia.

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Abstract

Undersea communication is a key component of emerging sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks. Due to the strong propagation attenuation in seawater, lowfrequency operation around 1 MHz is preferred for achieving practical communication distance. However, the large wavelength around 30 meters at 1 MHz, the antenna gain of a wearable antenna will be reduced. In this paper, a normal-mode helical antenna (NMHA) is employed as an efficient antenna. Firstly, self-resonant antenna structure is designed. Secondly, to increase the antenna gain, two elements folded, and three element folded structures are designed. Thirdly, for undersea use, antenna containing capsules is optimized. Then, antenna gain is evaluated through power density calculation. At antenna structure of single, double and triple folded cases, antenna gain of -24.44 dBi, -16.21 dBi, and -10.01 dBi are obtained respectively.

Item Type:	Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Normal-mode helical antenna, folded structure, undersea radio, antenna capsule
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK5101-6720 Telecommunication. Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television
Divisions:	Faculty of Artificial Intelligence & Engineering (FAIE)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	18 Mar 2026 08:09
Last Modified:	06 Apr 2026 04:34
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15579

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