Citation

Rahman, Tanzeel Ur and Li, Guijun and Ali, Farman and Khan, Adnan Daud and Rehman, Akhtar and Ouyang, Zhengbiao and Afsar, Haleem and Alshamrani, Ali and Roslee, Mardeni (2026) Fiber-array beamforming and modulation scheme with hybrid switching techniques for U2G-free space optical communication. Optics & Laser Technology, 198. p. 114787. ISSN 00303992

Text Fiber-array beamforming and modulation scheme with hybrid switching techniques for U2G-free space optical communication.pdf - Published Version Restricted to Repository staff only Download (2MB)

Abstract

Free-space optical (FSO) communication is essential for high-speed, long-range data transmission, particularly in UAV-to-ground (U2G) communication systems. However, existing FSO systems face critical challenges, including beam misalignment due to UAV movement, turbulence-induced signal degradation, and inefficient modulation schemes that fail to adapt dynamically to changing atmospheric conditions. Current solutions, such as mechanical beam tracking systems and conventional phased arrays, suffer from high complexity, limited scalability, and suboptimal energy efficiency, making them less suitable for U2G operations. Additionally, existing adaptive modulation schemes lack robustness in severe turbulence, leading to increased bit error rates and reduced system performance. This study proposes a Fiber-Array Beamforming and Modulation Scheme with Hybrid Switching Standards for enhanced U2G-FSO communication to address these challenges. The proposed system integrates a photodiode-based fiber-array antenna with a polymer-based nanophotonic optical phased array (OPA) to achieve precise beamforming and automatic misalignment correction. A hybrid switching standard is implemented to adjust the modulation format dynamically based on real-time turbulence variations, optimizing signal integrity and spectral efficiency. The research methodology includes mathematical modeling for phase optimization, experimental validation of beam steering performance, and turbulence-aware simulations to assess system adaptability. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a 3-dB beamwidth reduction of 8.5◦ , a beam steering range of 20◦ , and a 10 dB increase in power output, significantly improving signal robustness in turbulent atmospheric conditions. The hybrid switching mechanism effectively reduces SNR switching threshold deviation from conventional values, allowing for seamless modulation transitions and improved link stability.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Fiber array beamforming
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK5101-6720 Telecommunication. Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television
Divisions:	Faculty of Artificial Intelligence & Engineering (FAIE)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	02 Mar 2026 01:07
Last Modified:	02 Mar 2026 01:07
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15387

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