Citation

Sudhamani, Chilakala and Roslee, Mardeni and Lee, Loo Chuan and Waseem, Athar and Osman, Anwar Faizd and Ali, Fatimah Zaharah (2025) Small cell path loss model optimization using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm. Wireless Networks. ISSN 1022-0038

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Abstract

An essential requirement for the design of a wireless communication system is the determination of the path loss. This study compares and estimates path loss using urban-micro environment path loss models. Path loss model optimization is taken into consideration to represent the real propagation path and to find the optimized path loss model using a genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The analytically measured path loss is contrasted with the optimized path loss values of each model and error statics are used to assess each model’s performance. From the simulation results, it can be deduced that the 5GCM open square model generates the mean square error and standard deviation with the lowest values using both genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The error statistics such as MSE, RMSE and SE of 5GCM-OS LOS scenario using GA are 5.43, 2.33 and 2.33 and in NLOS scenario are 8.86, 2.97 and 3.21, using PSO algorithm in LOS scenario are 5.15, 2.67 and 1.56, in NLOS scenario are 7.84, 2.80 and 1.9 respectively. The 3GPP-SC model in LOS scenario using PSO algorithm is the best path loss model which provides minimized error statistics of 3.85, 1.96 and 1.47 respectively. The PSO algorithm works absolutely better than the GA and produces lowest error statistics compared to the GA optimization algorithm. Therefore, the 5G small cell network operators can improve the service quality at millimeter wave frequencies by employing PSO optimization strategy.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	5G, Error statistics, Genetic algorithm, Optimization, Path loss model, Urban micro environment
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK5101-6720 Telecommunication. Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television
Divisions:	Faculty of Engineering (FOE)
Depositing User:	Nurin Syazwani Azmi
Date Deposited:	07 Nov 2025 02:32
Last Modified:	07 Nov 2025 02:32
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/14748

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