Citation

Mazian, Amir Irfan and Rizhan, Wan and Rahim, Normala and Zakaria, Muhammad D. and Deris, Mohd Sufian Mat and Abdullah, Fadzli Syed and Rafi, Ahmad (2025) Developing Motion Templates of Sport Training Using R-GDL Approach for Evaluating Extrinsic Feedback of Penalty Kicks. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 16 (3). ISSN 2158107X

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Abstract

The study developed Motion Templates (MTs) using the Reverse-Gesture Description Language (R-GDL) method to evaluate extrinsic feedback in football penalty kick training. Traditional coaching methods often rely on subjective and qualitative assessments. To address this, motion capture (MoCap) technology was employed to collect kinematic data from two university football players (right- and left-footed) performing penalty kicks toward left (Set 1) and right (Set 2) goalpost and Score Rubric Assessment (SRA) form was used by professional coach to evaluate the performance. From the collected MoCap data, 40 successful penalty kicks were selected, converted into SKL format and generate MTs through Gesture Description Language (GDL) system using R-GDL, which standardized movement patterns through adaptive machine-learning-derived rules. The MTs incorporated features such as joint angles and limb trajectories, producing five rules per template for comparative analysis. Results demonstrated that MTs effectively differentiated players’ techniques across sets (e.g., Player A required fewer attempts in Set 1 than Player B in Set 2). Cross-validation against coach-evaluated Score Rubric Assessment (SRA) outcomes revealed that extrinsic feedback scores from MTs did not surpass SRA benchmarks, confirming the uniqueness of each player’s motion patterns. This highlights MTs’ reliability in providing objective, granular feedback for skill improvement. The study concludes that R-GDL-based MTs offer a robust tool for enhancing sports training analytics, enabling data-driven coaching strategies. Future work will focus on scalability, cost reduction, and extending this approach to other sports.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Motion templates; motion capture; penalty kick; extrinsic feedback; reverse-gesture description language
Subjects:	L Education > LB Theory and practice of education
Divisions:	Faculty of Creative Multimedia (FCM)
Depositing User:	Ms Suzilawati Abu Samah
Date Deposited:	29 Apr 2025 09:37
Last Modified:	29 Apr 2025 09:37
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/13699

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