Citation

Solarin, Sakiru Adebola and Bello, Mufutau Opeyemi (2018) Persistence of policy shocks to an environmental degradation index: The case of ecological footprint in 128 developed and developing countries. Ecological Indicators, 89. pp. 35-44. ISSN 1470-160X

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Abstract

The objective of this study is to examine the stationarity of ecological footprint for 128 countries for the period 1961–2013. We have been motivated by the seeming inadequacy of CO2 emission as an index for environmental degradation, the rising importance of ecological footprint as an aggregate environmental indicator and the lack of studies on the stochastic behaviour of ecological footprint. After separating the series into linear and nonlinear categories, we have used recent unit root test to examine the stationarity of the series. The overall results show evidence of a non-reverting mean in the series for 96 countries or 81% of the sample. This implies that ecological footprint is a nonstationary series and as such policies such as imposition of carbon tax, subsidy on cleaner energy and appropriate land use act will have long-term and permanent effects on it in many countries. The policy designs should also take into consideration the individual economic characteristics of each country as ecological footprint is found to be region invariant.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Ecological footprint, Linearity, Nonlinearity, Unit root test
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GF Human ecology. Anthropogeography (General) > GF1-900 Human ecology. Anthropogeography > GF75 Human influences on the environment
Divisions:	Faculty of Business (FOB)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	18 Nov 2020 16:06
Last Modified:	18 Nov 2020 16:06
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/7401

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