Citation

Adiputra, Dimas and Nur Fadhilah, Helisyah and Ni'mah, Rifdatun and Heri Sanjaya, Kadek and Sim, Kok Swee and Khozin, Nur (2026) Evaluation of Lower Limb Gait Pattern Generation from BMI-Based Angular Velocity Estimation for Personalized Robotic Rehabilitation. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE), 22 (10). ISSN 2626-8493

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Abstract

This study assesses the ability of gait angle patterns produced by a phase-averaged velocity estimation NN-15 model based on BMI and walking speed to serve as personalized joint motion references. A total of 424 gait cycles from 24 seen subjects and 131 gait cycles from 8 unseen subjects across four BMI categories (underweight (U), normal (N), overweight (Ov), and obese (Ob)) and both limb sides were analyzed. Similarity was quantified using root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and Bland–Altman analysis. The hip joint achieved the strongest agreement (r = 0.82–0.94, RMSE = 4.24–8.42°), followed by the ankle (r = 0.19–0.81, RMSE = 6.17–12.39°) and the knee (r = 0.15–0.83, RMSE = 9.28–23.80°). The Ov group consistently demonstrated the best performance at the hip and ankle. Significant left–right accuracy at the hip remained bilaterally accurate. Based on these findings, the NN-15 framework is validated as a personalized hip joint reference for a rehabilitation robot called Picobot. However, adopting different gait phase schemes is advised for the ankle, and a position-hold strategy during Phases 1 and 2 is proposed for the knee to improve joint estimation.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	gait pattern generation, joint angle estimation, angular velocity, rehabilitation robot, person-alized gait control
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK7800-8360 Electronics > TK7871 Electronics--Materials
Divisions:	Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)
Depositing User:	Ms Suzilawati Abu Samah
Date Deposited:	30 Oct 2026 07:09
Last Modified:	30 Oct 2026 07:09
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/17055

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