Citation

Lim, Yun Ler and Bhuvaneswari, Thangavel and Soe, Min Thu and Hishamuddin, Muhammad (2026) Beyond Odometry Accuracy: How Encoder Resolution and IMU Fusion Affect Particle Filter Localization in Differential-Drive Robots. Robotics, 15 (9). p. 164. ISSN 2218-6581

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Abstract

Encoder resolution and sensor fusion architecture directly influence odometric drift in autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), yet their interaction with particle filter localization remains insufficiently characterized. This study evaluates four encoder resolutions (90, 512, 1024, and 4096 PPR) in wheel-odometry-only (System A) and EKF-based IMU-fused (System B) configurations across multiple navigation scenarios using ROS AMCL localization. Increasing resolution significantly reduced drift, with 512 PPR achieving most of the improvement observed at 4096 PPR and diminishing returns beyond 1024 PPR. IMU fusion consistently improved odometry accuracy and reduced variance, although its benefit depended on trajectory complexity rather than encoder resolution alone. However, improved odometry did not uniformly translate into improved localization. In several cases, the IMU-fused system exhibited reduced AMCL stability despite lower odometric drift. These results demonstrate that encoder selection and sensor fusion must be considered alongside particle filter parameterization, highlighting the importance of estimator compatibility in ROS-based AMR localization architectures.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	ROS 2, autonomous navigation, SLAM, sensor fusion, EKF, autonomous mobile robot
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK7800-8360 Electronics
Divisions:	Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)
Depositing User:	Ms Suzilawati Abu Samah
Date Deposited:	30 Oct 2026 05:58
Last Modified:	30 Oct 2026 05:58
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/17048

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