Citation

Najm, Hayder and Mahdi, Mohammed Salih and Alkazaz, Noor Redha and Al-Andoli, Mohammed Nasser and Alomari, Mohammad Ahmed and Ahmed, Amjed Abbas (2026) An Adaptive Piano-Inspired Memristive Fractional-Order Cryptosystem for Secure Image Protection. Mathematics, 14 (12). p. 2125. ISSN 2227-7390

Text mathematics-14-02125.pdf - Published Version Restricted to Repository staff only Download (5MB)

Abstract

The growing need for secure image transmission across public networks requires robust encryption algorithms. Traditional chaos-based image ciphers typically have a small key space, weak avalanche behavior, or are susceptible to differential cryptanalysis. To overcome such inadequacies, this paper suggests a new adaptive image cryptosystem that combines a fractional-order memristive chaotic engine and a non-linear hybrid encryption kernel. The system uses piano-inspired feedback; the keystream generator dynamically adapts to the previously encrypted pixel, enabling powerful Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)-style chaining and content-dependent diffusion. A four-dimensional memristive system is solved by the use of fractional-order calculus, which gives an ultra-large key space (>1080) and very high sensitivity to initial conditions—confirmed by a positive largest Lyapunov exponent (1.7199). The encryption kernel maps the traditional Exclusive OR (XOR) with the reversible two-step operation: the modular addition of the plaintext with the first keystream byte and the XOR with the second keystream one, both of which increase non-linearity and confusion. Large-scale experiments with six standard 256 × 256 colour images indicate almost ideal entropy (7.9994), Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR) which is 99.62, Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) which is 33.43, correlation coefficients are near to zero, very low Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) homogeneity (≈0.017) and high contrast (≈4843) and low energy (≈0.006 The ciphertext passes seven National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP-800-22 statistical tests, is extremely sensitive to keys (a perturbation of 1 × 10−14 alters >99.6% of ciphertext) and resists chosen-plaintext and known-plaintext attacks. Decryption has linear time complexity O(N), and average encryption and decryption times are 3.40 s and 2.75 s for 256 × 256 images. The proposed cryptosystem provides an attractive security–performance trade-off that can be used in high-security systems like medical image protection, privacy-preserving multimedia transmission, and secure cloud storage.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	image encryption, fractional-order chaos, memristive cryptosystem, adaptive keystream generation, plaintext-dependent security, statistical randomness analysis, differential cryptanalysis
Subjects:	Q Science > QC Physics > QC350-467 Optics. Light
Divisions:	Faculty of Computing and Informatics (FCI)
Depositing User:	Ms Suzilawati Abu Samah
Date Deposited:	31 Jul 2026 06:57
Last Modified:	31 Jul 2026 06:57
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/16423

Downloads

Edit (login required)