Citation

Almohamedh, Refan and Roberts, Michaelraj Kingston and Wong, Wai Kit and Ng, Poh Kiat and Dahan, Fadl and Aloqaily, Mohammed (2026) A Depth‐Ordered Forwarding Game With Niche‐Confined Evolutionary Recovery for Energy‐Efficient Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2026 (1). ISSN 0884-8173

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Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor networks operate under scarce acoustic bandwidth, long propagation delay, depth-dependent attenuation, and a fixed energy budget that is rarely replenished. We propose the Hawk–Dove Game Optimization Algorithm with Elite Niche Clone Evolutionary Computing (HDGOA-ENCEC), a routing protocol that couples a depth-ordered forwarding game, inspired by Hawk–Dove interactions, with an elite niche-confined cloning mechanism for localized recovery. A single behavioral index compresses residual energy, data priority, and congestion into one adaptive scalar; an event-driven rule updates a node only when its standardized payoff deviates from the neighborhood mean; and recovery is restricted to depth niches, so a failed region is repaired locally rather than through network-wide re-optimization. We formulate the forwarding-game payoff matrix, derive the condition under which cooperation becomes the strict best response, and obtain a Lyapunov-drift bound for regional queue stability while the energy state remains bounded by the battery and its reserve threshold. Across NS-3.35 simulations using the AquaSim-NG channel and Bellhop-derived transmission loss, under varied loads, densities, mobilities, and three failure models, the lifetime energy per delivered bit remains near 13–18 mJ/bit, which is 8%–12% lower than the strongest baseline and 22%–28% lower than RCRP in deep layers. Under depth-correlated failure, packet delivery remains 10–16 percentage points above nonrecovery baselines. The results show that the main advantage of HDGOA-ENCEC lies in resilience and energy-normalized delivery rather than raw throughput.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	depth-ordered forwarding game, energy-efcient routing, evolutionary computing, fault recovery, underwater wireless sensor networks
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK5101-6720 Telecommunication. Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television
Divisions:	Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)
Depositing User:	Ms Suzilawati Abu Samah
Date Deposited:	31 Jul 2026 04:58
Last Modified:	31 Jul 2026 04:58
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/16390

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