Citation

Nayyef, Nawres A. and Tan, Kim Geok and Keriee, Hussam and Zakaria, Zahriladha and Liew, Chia Pao and Vaithilingam, Chockalingam Aravind (2026) Butler Matrix Based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide Without Crossover and Phase Shifter for Millimeter Waves Applications. F1000Research, 14. p. 969. ISSN 2046-1402

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Abstract

Home Browse Butler Matrix Based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide Without Crossover... ALL Metrics 694 Views 97 Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite Export Track Share ▬ Research Article Revised Butler Matrix Based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide Without Crossover and Phase Shifter for Millimeter Waves Applications [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] Nawres Nayyef1, Kim Geok Tan1,2, Hussam Keriee3, Zahriladha Zakaria4, Chia Pao Liew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9444-19875, Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2060-87486 Author details Abstract Background A novel low-loss 4 × 4 Butler Matrix structure for 26 GHz operation is designed in this study. The proposed 4 × 4 antenna Butler matrix comprises an inscribed structure, which makes it fundamentally different from traditional beam-forming networks in 5G 26-GHz applications. This paper presents a compact wideband 4×4 Butler Matrix implemented using Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology. In contrast to conventional Butler Matrices that rely on crossovers and discrete phase shifters, the proposed design employs only SIW hybrid couplers to realize the required phase progression and signal distribution. Eliminating crossovers and phase shifters significantly reduces structural discontinuities, junction losses, and frequency-dependent phase errors, thereby enhancing wideband performance. Moreover, the simplified topology minimizes fabrication complexity and improves suitability for planar and monolithic integration, making the proposed matrix well suited for compact millimeter-wave beamforming front ends in 5G and beyond systems. Method This novel Butler matrix comprises four hybrid couplers without crossovers or phase shifters. To reduce the size, magnitude, and phase difference, and to increase the bandwidth, interdigital and non-metallic vias are used in the coupler design. The performance of the proposed matrix was simulated using the CST software and implemented on a Rogers 8085 substrate. It was also interfaced with four substrate-integrated waveguide slot antennas to demonstrate its distinct beam scanning capability. Results The matrix yielded an error magnitude loss of 1 dB and a phase error of 1.7° with a broad operational bandwidth of 3 GHz. The measured coupling factor of the 4 × 4 Butler matrix at 26 GHz is -6 ±1 dB at the output. The measured results validate that four phase-scanning states at -14.3°, 14.88°, -32.21°, and 31.33° can be realized with return losses of less than -10 dB. Conclusions The proposed design achieves a compact, efficient, and low-loss beamforming solution suitable for 5G applications at 26 GHz, demonstrating distinct scanning features without the need for crossovers or phase shifters.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Substrate integrated waveguide, 5G
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK5101-6720 Telecommunication. Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television
Divisions:	Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	30 Jun 2026 03:17
Last Modified:	30 Jun 2026 03:17
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/16123

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