Citation

Nandagopal, V. and Bhaskar, K.B. and Periakaruppan, Sudhakaran and Raj, Vimal A. C. and Wong, Wai Kit and Ng, Poh Kiat (2026) A hierarchical fusion framework for vehicle to grid energy management using predictive intelligence and learning based pricing. Scientific Reports, 16 (1). ISSN 2045-2322

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Abstract

One potential remedy for grid stability and energy efficiency is the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the grid via Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. The challenge has been figuring out how to best charge and discharge EVs based on driver preferences, electricity rates, and changing grid requirements. Three cutting-edge approaches are compared in this research as V2G system optimization solutions: adaptive control using Reinforcement Learning (RL), dynamic pricing strategy using Game Theory, and predictive charging using Artificial Intelligence (AI). Predictive models are used in the AI-powered predictive charging method to forecast grid circumstances and adjust the charging time accordingly. To control supply and demand among EVs, grid operators, and the power market, the Game Theory model uses dynamic pricing. In this paper, a hierarchical collaborative fusion method is proposed, where the reinforcement learning control policy applies price signals generated by an artificial intelligence-based demand forecasting methodology, which constrains the game-theoretic pricing layer. Due to such cooperation, V2G systems can make consistent strategic, financial, and operational decisions. Finally, RL provides an adaptive control system that makes optimal charging and discharging decisions in real time. The article highlights the potential to improve energy management in V2G systems, making them more economical, reducing grid congestion, and optimizing sustainability by combining various approaches. The methodologies’ suitability for real-world applications is demonstrated by evaluation with simulated data.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Artificial intelligence
Subjects:	Q Science > Q Science (General) > Q300-390 Cybernetics
Divisions:	Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET) Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FIST)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	27 Feb 2026 07:25
Last Modified:	27 Feb 2026 07:25
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15359

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