Citation

Hassan, Muhammad Muneeb and Ameeq, Muhammad and Kargbo, Alpha (2026) Prevalence and risk factors of recurrent respiratory infections in a low-and middle-income country: A cross-sectional study on immunodeficiency indicators. Heart & Lung, 75. pp. 358-365. ISSN 0147-9563

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Abstract

Background Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) pose a significant global health burden, particularly in immune-compromised individuals. Identifying the key risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and management. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence of recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) and identify associated risk factors, including demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors, with a focus on immunodeficiency indicators in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) setting. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the District Headquarters (DHQ) Hospital, Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. A total of 608 participants were selected using systematic random sampling. Data on demographics, lifestyle behaviors, clinical history, and immunodeficiency indicators were collected using a structured questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors associated with RRIs. Results RRIs were significantly associated with older age, male gender, and urban residence. Smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.554, p = 0.05), poor diet (OR = 0.895, p = 0.03), lack of physical activity (OR = 0.904, p = 0.01), and insufficient sleep (OR = 0.555, p = 0.06) increased the risk of infection. Chronic diseases (odds ratio [OR] = 1.379, p = 0.04), frequent antibiotic use (OR = 0.563, p = 0.02), and nutritional deficiencies (OR = 2.528, p = 0.04) were significant contributors. Conclusion RRIs are influenced by modifiable lifestyle and other clinical factors. Addressing smoking, diet, and chronic disease management can help to reduce its prevalence. Public health efforts should focus on preventive strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HC Economic History and Conditions > HC94-1085 By region or country
Divisions:	Others
Depositing User:	Ms Suzilawati Abu Samah
Date Deposited:	11 Feb 2026 01:15
Last Modified:	11 Feb 2026 01:15
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15334

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