Citation

Wali, Qamar and Lee, It Ee and Chuah, Teong Chee and Jose, Rajan (2025) Overcoming the SnO2 bottleneck in perovskite solar cells: Strategies for enhancing efficiency and stability. Materials Today Sustainability, 32. p. 101253. ISSN 2589-2347

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Abstract

Charge transport layers, which selectively transport electrons and holes, are critical to the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Tin oxide (SnO2) possesses distinctive advantages over the frequently used titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an electron transport layer (ETL), supporting superior photovoltaic conversion efficiency and operational stability in PSCs. Nevertheless, state-of-the-art PSCs incorporating TiO2 ETLs still demonstrate marginally superior practical performance, highlighting the need to address the limitations of SnO2 to unlock its full potential. In this review, we examine PSCs employing SnO2 ETLs with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 24 %, identifying their common characteristics and limitations. We critically analyze various strategies adopted in high-efficiency PSCs, including buried interfaces, self-assembled molecules, organic ligands, molecular bridging, and solvent engineering, and highlight the major challenges associated with SnO2 ETLs from the perspective of scalability and commercialization.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Solar energy materials, Hybrid photovoltaics, Perovskite light absorbers, Commercialization strategies, Sustainable environments, Flexible and wearable technologies
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK9001-9401 Nuclear engineering. Atomic power
Divisions:	Faculty of Artificial Intelligence & Engineering (FAIE)
Depositing User:	Nurin Syazwani Azmi
Date Deposited:	10 Dec 2025 06:49
Last Modified:	10 Dec 2025 06:50
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/15027

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