Citation

Sarker, Md Tanjil and Qwaid, Marran Al and Ramasamy, Gobbi and Haram, Mohammed Hussein Saleh Mohammed (2025) Performance Evaluation of Second-Life EV Batteries for Off-Grid Solar Energy Storage System. IEEE Access. p. 1. ISSN 2169-3536

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Abstract

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a growing volume of retired lithium-ion batteries that retain significant residual capacity, prompting interest in their repurposing for stationary energy storage systems (ESS). This study presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of second-life EV batteries sourced from three platforms: Nissan Leaf Gen 1 (LMO-LNO chemistry), Citroën C0 (Mitsubishi i-MiEV) (LMO), and China Aviation Lithium Battery Co., Ltd. (CALB) (LFP). Laboratory tests were conducted using Arbin battery testers to assess capacity retention, internal resistance, and state-of-health (SOH) across up to 5000 charge-discharge cycles. In parallel, real-world field tests were conducted using a solar-powered 120 W LED streetlight ESS to validate operational performance under ambient Malaysian climate conditions. Results from laboratory analysis showed that the CALB LFP battery exhibited the highest mid-life stability, retaining 70.9% of its capacity at 2500 cycles and 57.4% at 3000 cycles, with slower thermal-induced degradation. The Nissan Leaf battery maintained 72.6% capacity at 2500 cycles but experienced accelerated decay post-3000 cycles, dropping to 4.8% at 5000 cycles. The Citroën C0 battery showed comparable early-cycle behavior but degraded more sharply under thermal stress, retaining 63.6% at 3000 cycles and just 7.2% at 5000 cycles. Field test data revealed that actual SOH decline rates were 15–20% faster than in lab conditions, attributed to variable temperatures (30–38°C), inconsistent load patterns, and limited thermal management. The study confirms that second-life batteries are viable for low- to medium-demand ESS applications within a 2500–3000 cycle operating window, provided that chemistry-specific integration strategies and intelligent battery management systems are employed. The findings contribute to lifecycle extension modeling and support the deployment of second-life batteries as cost-effective, sustainable components in decentralized energy systems.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Second-life batteries; Electric vehicle (EV) batteries; Lithium-ion; Energy storage systems (ESS); Battery degradation; Off-grid solar; State of Health (SOH); State of Charge (SOC); Battery management system (BMS); LMO; LFP.
Subjects:	T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics > TL1-484 Motor vehicles. Cycles
Divisions:	Faculty of Artificial Intelligence & Engineering (FAIE)
Depositing User:	Ms Suzilawati Abu Samah
Date Deposited:	27 Aug 2025 05:56
Last Modified:	27 Aug 2025 05:56
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/14475

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