Citation

Ozturk, Ilhan and Al-Mulali, Usama and Saboori, Behnaz (2015) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23 (2). pp. 1916-1928. ISSN 0944-1344; eISSN: 1614-7499

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Abstract

The main objective of this study is to examine the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an environment in- dicator and GDP from tourism as the economic indica- tor. To achieve this goal, an environmental degradation model is established during the period of 1988 – 2008 for 144 countries. The results from the time series general- ized method of moments (GMM) and the system panel GMM revealed that the number of countries that have a negative relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants (GDP growth from tourism, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization) is more existent in the upper middle- and high-income countries. Moreover, the EKC hypothesis is more present in the upper middle- and high-income countries than the other income countries. From the outcome of this research, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated countries.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Ecological footprint, GDP from tourism, Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, The generalized method of moments, Gross domestic product
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HC Economic History and Conditions > HC79 Special Topics. Including air pollution, automation, consumer demand, famines, flow of funds, etc.
Divisions:	Faculty of Business (FOB)
Depositing User:	Ms Rosnani Abd Wahab
Date Deposited:	16 Jul 2020 09:46
Last Modified:	16 Jul 2020 09:46
URII:	http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/6794

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